Carrier-Smoothed GPS (CSGPS) utilizes carrier and code measurements together and the integer ambiguities are estimated using single- or several-epoch measurements. To apply CSGPS, GPS receiver has to provide the carrier-phase measurements. Due to the low-price production of the carrier-phase measurement GPS receiver, implementation of standalone CSGPS has become practical, recently. CSGPS can be classified into standalone-CSGPS and relative-CSGPS. To use the relative-CSGPS, communication links are required between the reference station and the mobile stations. However, relative-CSGPS is much more accurate than standalone-CSGPS. In this paper, embedded system is implemented with a low-cost GPS receiver. By field experiments, performance of standalone-CSGPS and relative-CSGPS is compared.

Keywords: standalone-CSGPS, relative-CSGPS, low-cost GPS receiver